Response to Coments on DQ1 Smith and DQ2 Smith,WK2 Essay

Response to Coments on DQ1 Smith and DQ2 Smith,WK2 - Essay Example A way to determine whether the debt balance of a company is bad is by calculating the debt ratio and the current ratio. The debt ratio shows the ability of a company to pay off its long term debt, while the current ratio demonstrates the ability of a firm to pay off its short term debt. DQ2 The use of cash based accounting is more suitable for small operations that are highly dependent on the short term income to stay in business. An example would be a hot dog vendor. The hot dog vender uses the weekly sales to purchase more material to operate the next week. The hot dog vendor collects all his sales in cash. The majority of public corporations use accrued based accounting because they deal with large sums of money and numerous transactions. The existence of credit does not work in accounting unless the firm used an accrued based accounting system. In cash based accounting credit is not existent. Despite the differences between cash based accounting and accrued based accounting the a pplication of both systems will lead to the same accounting results. For example if the net income of a company is $10,000 under cash based accounting the use of accrued based accounting will also give a net profit of $10,000.

Plato’s “Myth of Metals” and Aristotle’s Analysis of Happiness Essay Example for Free

Plato’s â€Å"Myth of Metals† and Aristotle’s Analysis of Happiness Essay According to The Oxford American College Dictionary, the term happiness is defined as â€Å"[the state of] being satisfied† or â€Å"[the state of] having a sense of confidence in or satisfaction with a†¦situation† (Lindberg 609). In their treatises on politics and the governance of man, Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato address the correlation between the concept of happiness, the establishment and management of a society, and the genetic predisposition of man. This paper will compare the following concepts discussed in Aristotle’s Ethics and Plato’s â€Å"The Myth of The Metals† from The Republic: 1. ) Man’s abilities and vocation are based on/determined by biology (genetic predisposition), and those predispositions form natural divisions or â€Å"classes,† which help to organize a community/society/nation; 2. ) Man can achieve happiness if he or she fulfills/performs his/her pre-determined role – the role for which he or she is naturally suited and that others should encourage and nurture; 3. ) Man must serve his community/society/nation, which prepares him for his â€Å"natural† role, and that service will also provide man with happiness or a â€Å"sense of satisfaction. † Plato and Aristotle describe biology as a factor in man’s choice of profession. Both philosophers note that vocation is determined by ability, and that ability is the result of genetics. This includes those who govern or rule others. In â€Å"The Myth of The Metals† chapter of The Republic, Plato states that each man (woman and child) receives a particular metal mixture at birth, and that the metal received determines a person’s skill set and station in life. Plato says, â€Å"†¦in fashioning those among you who are competent to rule, mixed gold into them at their birth, whereby they are the most precious, and silver into the auxiliaries; and iron and bronze into the farmers and the other craftsmen (107). In other words, the traits or characteristics of any person determine what that person will do with his or her life. Additionally, the person who governs or leads others has unique, unusual qualities that most other people don’t have – qualities that are innate to that person. In Ethics, Aristotle too discusses man’s biological traits as a determinant of his or her profession and classification in society. Aristotle says, â€Å"†¦from natural causes that some beings command and others obey; for a being who is endowed with a mind capable of reflection and forethought is by nature the superior and governor, whereas he whose excellence is merely corporeal is formed to be a slave (1252). Thus, like Plato, Aristotle believes that each man is â€Å"born† to perform certain roles, roles for which each person has a genetic predisposition or natural ability. That ability automatically separates a person from others based on the job or way that person earns his or her living. For example, educators and physicians will associate with other professionals; while custodians and other blue collar workers will form other associations. Plato also discusses the need to nurture a person’s natural talents, regardless of family background or origin – because those talents will bring a person the highest level of satisfaction and happiness. He states, â€Å"†¦you will mostly beget children like yourselves, but it is possible that a silver child should be born of gold, or a golden child born of silver, and so all the rest from one another†¦If their own offspring are born alloyed with bronze or iron, they will assign it the grade appropriate to its nature and thrust it out among craftsmen and farmers without pity† (107). Thus, parents, teachers, other community stakeholders and society in general must nurture the innate abilities of others, especially youth. Aristotle too describes the necessity of accepting the natural differences that exists between people and safeguarding the skills of each person. By developing individual talents, not only does the individual benefit, but society does as well. Aristotle notes, â€Å"Why is it also necessary that, without exception, the one should govern, the other always be governed? it is evident then that both parties ought to be virtuous; but there is a difference between them, as there is between those who by nature command and who by nature obey, and this originates in the soul; for in this nature has planted the governing and submitting principle;†¦and that those who enjoy the best government will live the most happily according to their circumstances† (1260). Another commonality in the messages of Plato and Aristotle is discussion of man’s need to provide service to his fellow man. Plato speaks of the responsibility that a person has not only to himself/herself, but to family and the community-at-large. He also notes that importance of â€Å"giving back† for the nurturing and kindness that others in society provide. Plato states, â€Å"†¦we reared and educated them, being formed and nurtured [within the earth]†¦they must now take counsel for the defense of their country as a mother and nurse, if anyone comes against it, and consider the rest of their fellow citizens as brothers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (107). Man’s service to others is service to a community/nation, and the provision of that service is a form of happiness. Aristotle also describes how service to others, and that includes participation in the governance of others, is a source of happiness. He states, â€Å"†¦It follows that happiness consists of virtuous activity, and that both with respect to the community as well as the individual an active life is the happiest;†¦for virtuous activity has an end, therefore is something practical; nay, those who contrive the plan which others follow are more particularly said to act† (1360). In other words, positive behavior acts provide happiness to the person that commits them and to other members of the community. Service also provides a foundation for government. In conclusion, Plato’s and Aristotle’s works address the relationship between genetics, profession and individual happiness. Both writers express that each person has innate talents and characteristics. Those talents should be nurtured and encouraged by others. Those talents help to determine a person’s career choices and provide a natural classification system in society. Those characteristics also affect whether a person will participate in the governance of others and the type of government that is established. Ultimately, if a person utilizes his or her talents and gives back to the community, that person will locate â€Å"true† happiness – a happiness that others can share. ?

Vitamins Essay -- Health Nutrition Papers

Vitamins What Are Vitamins? Vitamins are a group of organic food substances or nutrients found only in living things, plants and animals. They are needed to maintain normal body functions. The body cannot synthesize its own vitamins so we must get our vitamins from the foods we eat, or from dietary supplements. Vitamins are essential for metabolism, growth, and physical well-being. Why Do We Need Vitamins? To put it plainly, if we did not consume adequate amounts of vitamins our bodies would not be able to function properly. Vitamins are essential to so many processes within the body that it would be very difficult for me to tell you all of the things vitamins are needed for. The fundamentals of cells depend greatly upon vitamins. Vitamins are responsible for keeping cells strong, binding tissues, fighting infections, etc. Without vitamins our cells would not function properly and thus our organs would suffer and eventually we would no longer be able to survive. Vitamins help regulate metabolism, help convert fat and carbohydrates into energy, and assist in forming bone and tissue. Vitamin A works in our immunological systems strengthening membranes thus fighting infections, it works in our eyes aiding vision, it helps our ears by treating otosclerosis, it helps jawbone and tooth formation, healthy mouth membranes and gums, keeps our skin clear and keeps our reproductive systems healthy including fertility and sperm production. The vitamin B complex is probably one of the most essential groups of vitamins to our health. There are twelve B vitamins: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, inositol, and PABA. These vitamins together are responsible for helping enzymes releas... ...tlesey, MJ; Deschenes, MR. "Dietary supplements and improved anaerobic exercise". International Journal of Sports Nutrition. 4(4):387-97, 1994 Dec. Mills, JL and Conley, MR. "Periconceptual vitamin supplementation to prevent neural tube defects: how can we do it?". European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 61(1):49-55, 1995 Jul. Null, Gary. The Complete Guide to Health and Nutrition. Dell Publishing. New York, New York. 1984. Oakley, GP Jr.; Adams, MJ; Dickinson, CM. "More folic acid for everyone, now". Journal of Nutrition. 126(3);751s-755s, 1996 Mar. Seymour, J. "Nutrition: vitamins and supplements". Nursing Times. 91(17):48-50, 1995 Apr 26- May 2. Steen, SN; Mayer, K; Brownell, KD; Wadden, TA. "Dietary intake of female collegiate heavyweight rowers". International Journal of Sports Nutrition. 5(3):225-31, 1995 Sep.

Aaron Beam and the Health South Fraud Essay

In reference to the Aaron Beam and the HealthSouth Fraud case in our text Velasquez (2012), the following questions from the text and my answers to these questions are provided as requested. 1. Which of the â€Å"obstacles to moral behavior do you see at work in Aaron Beam’s behavior and thinking? In Scrushy’s? The obstacles I see in Aaron Beam’s behavior are â€Å"Rationalizing Our Actions and Displacement of Responsibility†. Rationalizing his actions is supported by comments he made in reference to the actions he had or was about to take in supporting his employer. Aaron Beam stated in Velasquez (2012), â€Å"He described the move to himself as aggressive accounting but definitely not fraudulent† (p 68). In the continual cooking of the books, each time Beam was press or directed by Scrushy to do so. Aaron Beam possibly considers that to be his get out of jail free card, by pointing the finger back at his employer, as displacement of his responsib ility. We see clearly what he was thinking in Velasquez (2012), as he â€Å"felt it was technically within the bounds of accounting rules and investors would be sophisticated enough to understand what was happening† (page 68). This would relate to â€Å"Biased Theories about Others†, as he believed this group of investors was sophisticated. You cannot help but think he also felt secretly an investor(s) would question their actions and bring them to account for their actions considering the situation he was in with his employer. The obstacles I see in Richard Scrushy’s behavior are â€Å"Disregarding or Distorting Harm, Euphemistic Labeling, and Rationalizing Our Actions†. In reference to â€Å"Disregarding or Distorting Harm† based on the belief he was doing a good thing by providing rehabilitation therapy to patients at lower costs than regular hospitals, one could surmise he found doing whatever it takes to succeed he would do, all on the backs of his em ployees, of which as CEO he could discredit at will. We could also, along these lines consider â€Å"Euphemistic Labeling† as he was not above lying as interpreted by the various financial reports produced to make the company look more profitable under the veil of only business. He himself would feel pressure in 1996 as they could not meet second quarter projections. He would once again ask Aaron Beam to cook the books, or the company would face financial ruin. Scrushy rationalizes this away by saying in Velasquez, (2012), â€Å"If they could just get through the quarter, then everything would be okay† (p 69). We see clearly what he was thinking as up until now he felt everything was going his way; just one more time let the dice roll. This would relate to â€Å"Biased Theories about Oneself†, as he is very confident in his abilities, so what random event could he not control, after all he was the third highest paid CEO in the America; he had to be doing it right. 2. Explain how Aaron Beam might have used the â€Å"loyal agent’s argument† to defend his actions. Do you think that Aaron Beam’s situation the â€Å"loyal agent’s argument† might have been valid? Explain. Under the â€Å"loyal agent’s argume nt† Aaron Beam’s defense would be that Scrushy had ordered him to manipulate the accounting records or more specifically the general ledgers. He was seen as reluctant to comply, but was pressured by Scrushy and a bit intimidated by him to the point at times of fear. I do not believe Aaron Beam could have actually used the â€Å"loyal agent’s argument†. The information shows Scrushy and Beam knew as stated in Velasquez (2012), â€Å"From the beginning Scrushy and Beam both knew the company had to appear profitable to satisfy investors and lenders and to later succeed in issuing and selling company stock to the public† (page 68). Therefore, Beam had to know Scrushy would be asking or ordering him to make it happen. Based on Beam’s reluctances, it could be argued he knew this to be wrong but did it anyway. 3. In terms of Kohlberg’s views on moral development, at what stage of moral development would you place Aaron Beam? Explain. At what stage would you place Richard Scrushy? In terms of Kohlberg’s views I believe Aaron Beam’s moral development would be a Level Two Stage Three. My rational for this is he knows right and wrong both conventionally and what the law says. He exhibits this by his initial reluctance to support Scruchy’s decision to manipulate the general ledgers. He also is in awe of Scruchy, and appears to want to please him as a person in authority, and shows his loyalty to after all Scruchy picked Beam to start the company with. In terms of Kohlberg’s views I believe Richard Scruchy’s moral development would be a Level One Stage Two. My rational for this is it is all about him; he is self-centered and looks at things only from his own point of view. To support this we only have to look at his life style, he has been married three times, lives extravagantly, while charitable it appears he threw money around for self-recognition. The pleasures he gains by all of this gives him reason to assume he is right in his own mind. To support this further his own employees describe him as a dictator, cult-like figure, and a great motivator. This would indicate he was resourceful in getting what he wanted by any means necessary, much like a spoiled child. Reference Velasquez, M. G. (2012). Business ethics, concepts and cases. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Shape-Changers the Chronicles of the Cheysuli

Book Report Trevor Mendham While i was in the library with the class. Shape-Changers the Chronicles of the Cheysuli written by Jennifer Roberson had caught my interest. This book was published in 1984 while the author was living in a castle. Jennifer Roberson has said that the eight book series had been inspired by the castle in Wales. Although this book is part of a large series, I strongly believe this book is about the choices that we make. The main character Alix has the choice to play it safe or to take a risk and truly find the answers she seeks. I personally would enjoy continue reading this series. Although the book was very short and left quite a few lose ends for the next book. This book set in the land of Cheysuli within the Kingdom of Homana. Alix the daughter of a man who was a religion leader whom resigned after the war on shape-changers started. After this he started running a under-croft, where dead body are displayed for the public viewing, taking a major reduction in wage and honourable work. Alix has fallen for the prince named Carillon a childhood friend, from the fathers previous profession. Soon after they are captured while walking in the woods by the shape-changers. Alix finds that she is half blooded shape-changer and has to decide to accept who she is, and lose the love of price Carillon and be at war with his race. This story was very odd but was a good book. The fiction of this story is tied to reality in a very unique way, that is very effective in making the story not feel very fantasy. This feature made the book truly more enjoyable. Other writing techniques like not having any foreshadowing. The book keeps you guessing until the very end. Even within the story parts that I had never seen coming, Like releasing the prince. Allowing Alix to run away and eventually return on curiosity. I would recommend anyone who wants a quick read of a quality story. Overall I would give this story eight out of ten stars without reading the rest of the series.

10 California Geography Facts

10 California Geography Facts California  is a state located in the western United States. It is the largest state in the union based on its population of over 35 million and it is the third largest state (behind Alaska and Texas) by land area. California is bordered to the north by Oregon, to the east by Nevada, to the southeast by Arizona, to the south by Mexico and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Californias nickname is the Golden State. The state of California is most well known for its large cities, varied topography, favorable climate, and large economy. As such, Californias population has grown quickly over the past decades and it continues to grow today via both immigration from foreign countries and movement from other states. Basic Facts Capital: SacramentoPopulation: 38,292,687 (January 2009 estimate)Largest Cities: Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Long Beach, Fresno, Sacramento, and OaklandArea: 155,959 square miles (403,934 sq km)Highest Point: Mount Whitney at 14,494 feet (4,418 m)Lowest Point: Death Valley at -282 feet (-86 m) Geographic Facts About California The following is a list of ten geographic facts to know about the state of California: 1) California was one of the most diverse regions for Native American in the United States with around 70 independent tribes prior to the arrival of persons from other areas in the 1500s. The first explorer of the California coast was the Portuguese explorer Joo Rodrigues Cabrilho in 1542. 2) Throughout the rest of the 1500s, the Spanish explored Californias coast and eventually established 21 missions in what was known as Alta California. In 1821, The Mexican War of Independence allowed Mexico and California to become independent of Spain. Following this independence, Alta California remained as a northern province of Mexico. 3) In 1846, the Mexican-American War broke out and following the end of the war, Alta California became a U.S. territory. By the 1850s, California had a large population as a result of the Gold Rush and on September 9, 1850, California was admitted into the United States. 4) Today, California is the most populous state in the U.S. For reference, Californias population is over 39 million people, making it roughly the same as the entire country of Canada. Illegal immigration is also a problem in California and in 2010, around 7.3% of the population was made up of illegal immigrants. 5) Most of Californias population is clustered within one of three major metropolitan areas. These include the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Area, Southern California extending from Los Angeles to San Diego and Central Valley cities stretching from Sacramento to Stockton and Modesto. 6) California has varied topography that includes mountain ranges like the Sierra Nevada that run south to north along the eastern border of the state and the Tehachapi Mountains in Southern California. The state also has famous valleys like the agriculturally productive Central Valley and the wine-growing Napa Valley. 7) Central California is divided into two regions by its major river systems. The Sacramento River, which begins flowing near Mount Shasta in northern California, provides water to both the northern part of the state and the Sacramento Valley. The San Joaquin River forms the watershed for the San Joaquin Valley, another agriculturally productive region of the state. The two rivers then join to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta system which is a major water supplier for the state, a water transit hub, and an incredibly biodiverse region. 8) Most of Californias climate is considered Mediterranean with warm to hot dry summers and mild wet winters. Cities located closer to the Pacific coast feature a maritime climate with cool foggy summers, while the Central Valley and other inland locations can become very hot in the summer. For example, San Franciscos average July high temperature is 68 °F (20 °C) while Sacramentos is 94 °F (34 °C). California also has desert regions like Death Valley and very cold climates in the higher mountain areas. 9) California is highly active geologically as it is located within the Pacific Ring of Fire. Many large faults such as the San Andreas run throughout the state making a large portion of it, including the Los Angeles and San Francisco metropolitan areas, prone to earthquakes. A portion of the volcanic Cascade Mountain Range also extends into northern California and Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen are active volcanoes in the area. Drought, wildfire, landslides, and flooding are other natural disasters common in California. 10) Californias economy is responsible for about 13% of the gross domestic product for the entire United States. Computers and electronic products are Californias largest export, while tourism, agriculture and other manufacturing industries make up a large part of the states economy.

Marshal Philippe Petain in World War I

Marshal Philippe Petain in World War I Philippe Ptain - Early Life Career: Born April 24, 1856 at Cauchyla-Tour, France, Philippe Pà ©tain was the son of a farmer. Entering the French Army in 1876, he later attended the St. Cyr Military Academy and the École Supà ©rieure de Guerre. Promoted to captain in 1890, Pà ©tains career progressed slowly as he lobbied for the heavy use of artillery while repudiating the French offensive philosophy of massed infantry assaults. Later promoted to colonel, he commanded the 11th Infantry Regiment at Arras in 1911 and began contemplating retirement. These plans were accelerated when he was informed that he would not be promoted to brigadier general. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, all thoughts of retirement were banished. Commanding a brigade when the fighting commenced, Pà ©tain received a rapid promotion to brigadier general and took command of the 6th Division in time for the First Battle of the Marne. Performing well, he was elevated to lead XXXIII Corps that October. In this role, he led the corps in the failed Artois Offensive the following May. Promoted to command the Second Army in July 1915, he led it during the Second Battle of Champagne in the fall. Philippe Ptain -Hero of Verdun: In early 1916, German Chief of Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn sought to force a decisive battle on the Western Front that would break the French Army. Opening the Battle of Verdun on February 21, German forces bore down on the city and made initial gains. With the situation critical, Pà ©tains Second Army was shifted to Verdun to aid in the defense. On May 1, he was promoted to command the Centre Army Group and oversaw the defense of the entire Verdun sector. Using the artillery doctrine he had promoted as a junior officer, Pà ©tain was able to slow and eventually halt the German advance. Philippe Ptain -Finishing the War: Having won a key victory at Verdun, Pà ©tain was irked when his successor with Second Army, General Robert Nivelle, was appointed Commander-in-Chief over him on December 12, 1916. The following April, Nivelle launched a massive offense at Chemin des Dames. A bloody failure, it led to Pà ©tain being appointed Army Chief of Staff on April 29 and ultimately replacing Nivelle on May 15. With the outbreak of mass mutinies in the French Army that summer, Pà ©tain moved to placate the men and listened to their concerns. While ordering selective punishment for the leaders, he also improved living conditions and leave policies. Through these initiatives and refraining from large-scale, bloody offensives, he succeeded in rebuilding the fighting spirit of the French Army. Though limited operations occurred, Pà ©tain elected to await American reinforcements and large numbers of new Renault FT17 tanks before advancing. With the beginning of the German Spring Offensives in March 1918, Pà ©tains troops were hit hard and pushed back. Ultimately stabilizing the lines, he dispatched reserves to aid the British. Advocating a policy of defense in depth, the French progressively fared better and first held, then pushed back the Germans at the Second Battle of the Marne that summer. With the Germans halted, Pà ©tain led French forces during the final campaigns of the conflict which ultimately drove the Germans from France. For his service, he was made Marshal of France on December 8, 1918. A hero in France, Pà ©tain was invited to attend the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Following the signing, he appointed vice chairman of the Conseil Supà ©rieur de la Guerre. Philippe Ptain -Interwar Years: After a failed presidential bid in 1919, he served in a variety of high administrative posts and clashed with the government over military downsizing and personnel issues. Though he favored a large tank corps and air force, these plans were unworkable due to lack of funds and Pà ©tain came to favor the construction of a line of fortifications along the German border as an alternative. This came to fruition in the form of the Maginot Line. In September 25, Pà ©tain took to the field for the final time when he led a successful Franco-Spanish force against the Rif tribes in Morocco. Retiring from the army in 1931, the 75 year-old Pà ©tain returned to service as Minister of War in 1934. He held this post briefly, as well as did a brief stint as Minister of State the following year. During his time in government, Pà ©tain was unable to halt the reductions in the defense budget which had left the French Army unready for a future conflict. Returning to retirement, he again was summoned to national service in May 1940 during World War II. With the Battle of France going poorly in late May, General Maxime Weygand and Pà ©tain began to advocate for an armistice. Philippe Ptain - Vichy France: On June 5, French Premier Paul Reynaud brought Pà ©tain, Weygand, and Brigadier General Charles de Gaulle into his War Cabinet in an effort to bolster the spirits of the army. Five days later the government abandoned Paris and moved to Tours and then Bordeaux. On June 16, Pà ©tain was appointed prime minister. In this role, he continued to press for an armistice, though some advocated continuing the fight from North Africa. Refusing to leave France, he got his wish on June 22 when an armistice with Germany was signed. Ratified on July 10, it effectively ceded control of the northern and western parts of France to Germany. The next day, Pà ©tain was appointed head of state for the newly formed French State which was governed from Vichy. Rejecting the secular and liberal traditions of the Third Republic, he sought to create a paternalistic Catholic state. Pà ©tains new regime quickly ousted republican administrators, passed anti-Semitic laws, and imprisoned refugees. Effectively a client state of Nazi Germany, Pà ©tains France was compelled to aid the Axis Powers in their campaigns. Though Pà ©tain showed little sympathy for the Nazis, he permitted organizations such as the Milice, a Gestapo-style militia organization, to be formed within Vichy France. Following the Operation Torch landings in North Africa in late 1942, Germany implemented Case Aton which called for the complete occupation of France. Though Pà ©tains regime continued to exist, he effectively was relegated to the role of figurehead. In September 1944, following the Allied landings in Normandy, Pà ©tain and the Vichy government were removed to Sigmaringen, Germany to serve as a government-in-exile. Unwilling to serve in this capacity, Pà ©tain stepped down and directed that his name not be used in conjunction with the new organization. On April 5, 1945, Pà ©tain wrote to Adolf Hitler requesting permission to return to France. Though no reply was received, he was delivered to the Swiss border on April 24. Philippe Ptain -Later Life: Entering France two days later, Pà ©tain was taken into custody by De Gaulles provisional government. On July 23, 1945, he was placed on trial for treason. Lasting until August 15, the trial concluded with Pà ©tain being found guilty and sentenced to death. Due to his age (89) and World War I service, this was commuted to life imprisonment by De Gaulle. In addition, Pà ©tain was stripped of his ranks and honors with the exception of marshal which had been conferred by the French Parliament. Initially taken to Fort du Portalet in the Pyrenees, he was later imprisoned at Forte de Pierre on the ÃŽle dYeu. Pà ©tain remained there until his death on July 23, 1951. Selected Sources First World War: Philippe PetainBBC: Philippe Petain World at War: Philippe Petain

Can You Take the SAT Online A Guide to Computerized Testing

Can You Take the SAT Online A Guide to Computerized Testing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips As appealing as the option might sound, you can’t take the SAT online- it must be administered on paper at a designated test center. However, there are a lot of SAT prep resources available online and some alternate testing options for those who are unable to take the test under standard circumstances. This post will explain when it will be possible to take the SAT on a computer and what that will look like, as well as what resources are open to you in the meantime. The Current Online Testing Situation The SAT is not currently offered online, but the College Board is supposedly planning to offera computerized version of the redesigned 2016 testat some point in the future. There are no concrete dates as of yet. The ACT has already started administering some tests on the computer, though so far only through school districts. If you sign up for the test yourself, you'll still be taking it on paper. Despite thesechanges, there’s unlikely to ever be at-home online testing (at least not any time soon). For one thing, it would be impossible to guarantee that the testing experience is standardized. (Of course there’s some variation between testing rooms, but it’s much less than the variation between people’s homes.) More importantly, it would be really, really easy to cheat. What Computerized TestingWill Look Like We've covered howonline testing won't work, but you might still be wondering what taking the SAT on a computerwillbe like. Though it's impossible to know for sure, I'll offer some predictions based on the computerized ACT and GRE. You'll Still Have a Set Test Date and Location Assuming that the College Board uses the same structure as ACT, Inc., the computerized testwill be administered at set test centers and on specific dates. You'll use the test center's computers, which will be set up to lock out all programs except the test, and you'll be expectedto follow all the same rules that apply to the SAT now (no cellphones!). It Will Look a Lot Like the Khan Academy Practice Tests As I'll describe in more depth below, the College Board has partnered with Khan Academy to provide free SAT practice online, including online practice tests. The formatis very similar to the GRE, a computerized test also administered by ETS. See the images below to get a sense of the format. Reading Youcan see the total time in the top left and the time remaining in the top right. Each page includes one passage (on the left) and its associated questions (on the right). On the bottom, directions are on the left and navigation is on the right. Writing Writing looks pretty much the same as Reading - just slightly different introductory text. Math Since there are no passages, each math question is on its own page. There's also more information in the bottom left, including a link to the formulas provided with the test. You'll Use a Word Processor for the Essay Probably the biggest upside of taking the SAT on a computeris the ability to type the essay. This can be hugely helpful to students who are more comfortable on the computer,but keep in mind that,unlike a regular word processor, the testwon't automatically check your spelling or grammar. As you can see,the computerized SAT ultimatelywon't bethat different from its paper incarnation. SAT Resources That Are Available Online Even though you can’t take the actual test online, the College Board offers tons of SAT information and resources on their website. You can: Register for the test View your score report Send scores to colleges Trypractice problems The College Board also offers a free test prep program through Khan Academy. It includesfull official practice tests, extrapractice questions, and helpful math review videos. Unfortunately, it doesn't offer much guidance for the reading and writing sections, so I would recommend supplementing it with a more strategy-focused guide. There are also a lot of unofficial SAT materials, of varying quality, available online. PrepScholar has both excellent free resources (just scroll through the topics on the right sidebar to find what you're looking for) and a best-in-class adaptive SAT prep program. TestingAccommodations If you were hoping to take the ACT online because you have a learning difficulty or physical disability or cannot reach any of the available test centers, the College Board offers accommodations that can make the test more manageable for you. If You Struggle With the Paper Test If you have a learning disability, visual impairment, or other condition that makes the paper format of the test challenging for you, you may qualify for SSD accommodations. Thesecan include using a larger bubble sheet, taking the essaysection on a computer, or even having a scribe record your answers for you. If You Can’t Reach a Test Center If the nearest SAT testing center is more than 75 miles from your home, you can request testing closer to your home. Should the College Board grant your request, they'll set up a more conveniently located testing center. Keep in mind that there are some exceptions: you can't request closer-to-home testing when registering lateor in India and Pakistan. What's Next? Do you have other questions about registering for the SAT? Check out our full guide to the process (with pictures), read up on the admission ticket, and learn how much the test costs. Make sure you know what to expect on test day, including how long the test takes, the test instructions, and the rules you must follow. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Bejjing(China) Need Blue Skies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bejjing(China) Need Blue Skies - Essay Example This will includes the stringent measure of facing out backward production facilities which are the leading cause of the air pollution. Other than that, the government will start punishing the offenders without showing any form of mercy when using the law. This will prevent more people from causing the pollution or refusing to follow the law in as far as pollution measures are concerned. Since China has been pursuing economic growth more and at the expense of the environment leading to the increase in the levels of air pollution, the new government now vows to tackle the environmental issues first before economic growth can be pursued as the health of the Chinese people comes first. Lastly is that the government plans to work hand-in-hand with the citizens to clean the air as the success of the exercise needs the input of the public more (Kang Lim and Sui-Lee 1). Fisher, Max. â€Å"The most shocking photo of Beijing air pollution I’ve ever seen.† The Washington Post, February 28, 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/28/the-most-shocking- photo-of-beijing-air-pollution-ive-ever-seen/ Kang Lim, Benjamin and Sui-Lee Wee. â€Å"Chinese Premier Li Keqiang pledged on Sunday that his government would "show even greater resolve" in tackling Chinas festering pollution crisis, a source of increasing public fury.† Reuters, March 17, 2013. Retrieved from:

You can choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

You can choose the topic - Essay Example These different types of sports shoes will be discussed in detail below. The first category of these sports shoes are soccer shoes which are also commonly known as soccer cleats or football shoes. They are called so because they have cleats or studs. The importance of these cleats is for prevention of injuries due to the differences in the playing field from a normal walking road or pavement ways. The cleats help to maintain balance and prevent slipping on the ground and especially the soft playing ground. The next category is the bowling shoes. These shoes are customized with special soles that are usually smooth and flat with rubber material to prevent friction when sliding while at the same time allowing for the player to be able to brake. The top is made of leather which is to prevent them from quick wear and tear (this is especially so for the rental bowling shoes). The condition provided for these shoes is that the wearer should be careful to prevent them from getting wet or dirty as these two will prevent them from not only sliding well but also from effective braking which thereby provides considerable risks. Other than these two, there are also hiking/ mountain climbing shoes. Hiking shoes are especially made to withstand all types of rough terrain and outdoor activities. In this regard, they are made with special pads or patches on the inside to reduce any form of friction which may cause ankle injuries and blisters. To further prevent blisters and ensure comfort over long distance, these shoes are lined inside with leather. They are also stiff in order to support the foot firmly. For those intending to mountaineer, their shoes have crampons in addition to the above mentioned features to prevent slipping. Lastly, they are also waterproof for those intending to hike on water-prone surfaces. Athletic shoes as

Launching new product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Launching new product - Essay Example Items like Sandwiches are very much into the ordering list of the customers. These sandwiches, burgers were found to be major source of excess calories and fat which elevates the normal physic to obese. Recently these alarming issues has spurred up many fast food retail chain to gear up for new food products which are low calories and low fat content. Keeping in view the changes in the food choice it is essential for any food outlet to introduce a new and innovated product to retain and enhance the performance of the food chain. Panera has conceptualized a new sandwich with new features to entice the health conscious customers. The Panera management basically concentrated on reducing the fat and calories contents of the Sandwiches. The sandwiches needs to served with thin slices of meat loafs with more vegetables with fibre contents and less fat. The vegetables will certainly increase the weight of the sandwich and regulate the fat and calorie content thus making it more health conscious food. The sandwiches components can be encouraged for big catering places like schools and college. As providing healthy food can be an added feature for any institution we need to oblige the managements to include our product. When we are catering our products to youth we need to concentrate more on garnish to make it look as a trendy dish. Garnishing with vegetables like carrots, leafy vegetables makes it more colorful and provides health food.

Spell check poem Topic 3 Wk 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spell check poem Topic 3 Wk 6 - Essay Example he following words, though existing in the English dictionary, were not used in the proper context, such as revue, sea, threw, no, weigh, tolled and sew. These words, when used in the poem, should have been spelled as follows: review, see, through, know, way, told and so. This poem is therefore an appropriate example of how the spell check application fails to address the grammatical context of words used within the discourse. It effectively checks spelling of words in terms of their existence in the dictionary, but nothing else. Students, particularly, who are expected to adhere to grammatical rules (not only confining the review to spelling) would assume that the work has been evaluated entirely but would fail to capture the essence and accuracy of the context within which words and phrases were used. A spell check option does not catch mistakes in grammar use or selecting the most effective word to achieve the intended message. In some word programs, spelling and grammar checks could capture additional mistakes; but still, the writer should use cognitive skills in analyzing accuracy in contents, contexts, and logical structure. The poem is therefore given to a college student within a course to give the student enhanced understanding that overreliance to software program applications should not be resorted to. Students should be warned that these applications are not ‘know all and do all’ alternatives that would ensure written works to be perfect. These are to be utilized as a means to assist students in making swift and generalized assessments but a closer review and one that needs detailed analysis in structure, content and comprehensiveness of addressing learning objectives still depend on human skills, talents, and abilities. Overall, one’s spell checker in word document programs are useful tools to facilitate assessment and measuring spelling errors. These should not be relied solely to determine if a written literary work is perfect in adhering to

Environment xenoestrogens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environment xenoestrogens - Essay Example Until now, the focal area of endocrine disruption has been on the chemicals that mimic oestrogens (xenoestrogens). But, the recent proof suggests that quite a number of abnormalities in the human breast could be interceded by means of the androgen receptor. The main identified risk factor remains lifetime exposure to oestrogen. In view of the involvement of oestrogen in the development, progression and treatment of breast cancer, questions have to be asked concerning potential interactions of the many chemicals in the environment which can be stored in breast tissues and which can mimic the action of oestrogen. The source of such compounds can be dietary, from plants (phytoestrogens) or from environmental contaminants of food/water (xenoestrogens) but I have proposed that an alternative route for exposure may be through the long-term regular application to the underarm of a variety of cosmetic ingredients with oestrogenic activity. The molecular basis of oestrogen action involves the interaction of the oestrogenic ligand with intracellular oestrogen receptors, ER' and ER', which function as ligand-activated transcription factors to alter the expression patterns of hundreds of genes and to regulate growth of human breast cancer cells. This project will compare the ability of different oestrogenic ligands to bind to ER, to regulate gene expression and to increase cell growth. A substantial literature search will be used to identify the oestrogenic potency of the many oestrogenic ligands which can enter the human breast and calculations will be carried out to estimate exposure of the human breast to individual chemicals and to complex mixtures of chemicals. Much of the existing focal point in the field of endocrine disruption is in the backdrop of the oestrogenic action of a variety of artificial chemicals. The capability of a chemical to unite to the oestrogen receptor, either in vitro or in vivo, has been in use as an explanation of oestrogenicity. The concern is that whether exposure to the chemicals which have steroid-like action can disturb the regular endocrine function, which can lead to distorted reproductive capacity, endometriosis, infertility, and cancers of the uterus, breast, and prostate (Colborn 1995, Jensen et al.1995, Safe 1995). The occurrence of a powerful anti-androgen can actually create an 'oestrogenic environment', thereby producing indications which directs to oestrogen exposure. Vertebrates generate steroids through a system which inhabits the chronological degradation of cholesterol to progestins, hence androgens (e.g. testosterone) and finally oestrogens (e.g. 17'-oestradiol). This pathway is available

USGAAP and iGAAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

USGAAP and iGAAP - Essay Example There is a similarity between both the US GAAP and iGAAP, regarding the treatment of the impairment of assets that are held for disposal (Ochoa, 2010). Under both accounting methods, the impairment of the assets that is held for disposal is to be treated as the difference between the assets carrying amount, and the assets fair value. This difference becomes the amount of the loss of value of the asset, which is to be treated as expenditure. The other similarity in the treatment of intangible assets; is in the treatment of intangible assets acquired through business combination, especially when such intangible assets can be treated as different from the goodwill. The differentiation in such assets exists, if such assets can be transferred, licensed, rented, or exchanged (McClenahen & Jusko, 2002). Under both the US GAAP and iGAAP, such asset should be treated as normal business assets. There is a major disparity in the treatment of expenditure in research and development, under both the US GAAP and iGAAP. The US GAAP requires that all the expenditure that is incurred in the generation of internal intangibles to be factored in, as expenditure (Crovitz, 2008). Therefore, any costs involved in research and development is to be treated as expenditure, under US GAAP. However, the case is different under the iGAAP, which provides that there should be a distinction between the research expenses and the development expenses. The argument is that, the cost incurred in research has no certainty of generating future economic value, and thus it should be treated as expenditure (McClenahen & Jusko, 2002). On the other hand, all the costs incurred in development, which could lead to the generation of future income benefits, such as the development of brand value, should be treated as capital expenditure, and thus placed under capital (Ochoa, 2010). While both US GAAP and iGAAP treat the assets acquired

Environment xenoestrogens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environment xenoestrogens - Essay Example Until now, the focal area of endocrine disruption has been on the chemicals that mimic oestrogens (xenoestrogens). But, the recent proof suggests that quite a number of abnormalities in the human breast could be interceded by means of the androgen receptor. The main identified risk factor remains lifetime exposure to oestrogen. In view of the involvement of oestrogen in the development, progression and treatment of breast cancer, questions have to be asked concerning potential interactions of the many chemicals in the environment which can be stored in breast tissues and which can mimic the action of oestrogen. The source of such compounds can be dietary, from plants (phytoestrogens) or from environmental contaminants of food/water (xenoestrogens) but I have proposed that an alternative route for exposure may be through the long-term regular application to the underarm of a variety of cosmetic ingredients with oestrogenic activity. The molecular basis of oestrogen action involves the interaction of the oestrogenic ligand with intracellular oestrogen receptors, ER' and ER', which function as ligand-activated transcription factors to alter the expression patterns of hundreds of genes and to regulate growth of human breast cancer cells. This project will compare the ability of different oestrogenic ligands to bind to ER, to regulate gene expression and to increase cell growth. A substantial literature search will be used to identify the oestrogenic potency of the many oestrogenic ligands which can enter the human breast and calculations will be carried out to estimate exposure of the human breast to individual chemicals and to complex mixtures of chemicals. Much of the existing focal point in the field of endocrine disruption is in the backdrop of the oestrogenic action of a variety of artificial chemicals. The capability of a chemical to unite to the oestrogen receptor, either in vitro or in vivo, has been in use as an explanation of oestrogenicity. The concern is that whether exposure to the chemicals which have steroid-like action can disturb the regular endocrine function, which can lead to distorted reproductive capacity, endometriosis, infertility, and cancers of the uterus, breast, and prostate (Colborn 1995, Jensen et al.1995, Safe 1995). The occurrence of a powerful anti-androgen can actually create an 'oestrogenic environment', thereby producing indications which directs to oestrogen exposure. Vertebrates generate steroids through a system which inhabits the chronological degradation of cholesterol to progestins, hence androgens (e.g. testosterone) and finally oestrogens (e.g. 17'-oestradiol). This pathway is available

International Business - the Porters diamond Assignment

International Business - the Porters diamond - Assignment Example The strategic conditions, demand conditions, strategic structure and competition, supporting industries of both countries needed to be weighed to enter into a new market. Some propositions in Diamond are double edged. For instance when competition is taken into consideration, the firm thrives and will be competent when it wins over the competitors in the rivalry. But the looser is also was in the same environment and the rivalry did not help the company as it does to the winning company. This tells us that the utilisation and reinforcing of the forces and circumstances mentioned in the diamond is the crux of the situation concerned. So the firm has to decide what type of rivalry it can face and win over it. When coming to supporting industries, the presence of them really make company competitive and reduction of expenditure on transportation can be made possible. But this is the common advantage for all identical industries in that area or zone. Another point of concern is that Port er's views are for developed economies and firms only. (Because he did not mention about the areas having no sophisticated customers and about MNC s dealing with different atmospheres or environments of Industry.) When the firm is facing a different type of market (also containing sophisticated customers) it should have a strategy to cope up with the different type of marketing environment. Strengths and Weaknesses of Porter's Diamond The Porter's Diamond consists of conditions which demand competence, conditions which drive the management to move forward, supporting and related industries and structure, planning and competition. In case of factor conditions consists of labour, land, natural resources, capital and infrastructure. Here the argument of Porter is that the conditions must be created according to the need of the company. The labour must be transformed into skilled labour. The capital must be substantial and in the case of natural resources the firm must have access to the fore most quality resources. If the firm is not successful reforming labour into skilled one, did not utilise the capital properly or did not garner it from the public in a time bound manner, then the strength of the factor conditions turns into weakness. The company's strength lies in making the general factors specialised. This involves investing more money and managing it well. So here the strength of the factor conditions lies in managing capital, labour and natural resources in a productive way. When there is any labour shortage, the company should manage to work with less labour and more technology. Here technological advancement which needs more capital comes to the fore. The managing of technology needs some good technicians and managers, though less in number to make it strength. If not it turns to be a weakness. When considering about lack of land and resources, the industry of Japan is making utmost use of technology to overcome the crisis of lack of natural resources. Here the weakness is transformed into strength. On the other hand in the present the US based firm has existence in the area of having more resources and is moving to the area of substantial resources. So it should have a strategy to make use of them to enhance productivity. When it decides not to move out of US it can think of exporting its goods to that country. But

Hitler Speech Essay Example for Free

Hitler Speech Essay Adolph Hitler is known by his charismatic personality, his strict military background, and his expressive and formal attitude in giving speeches. Hitler’s speech given on the 26th of September 1938, among all the millions of words that he addressed to his audience, is the most enthusiastic, optimistic, and motivated speeches I’ve read. Hitler started off his speech insisting to solve the problem he has in Europe, he showed that he is persistent, determined and eager to do so. Withdrawing and not resolving the issue was not one of his options, he was strong minded to get to the bottom of it. Hitler believed that, with the faith of God, he will succeed. Hitler used unusual words when addressing specific people and countries. Him using terms such as ‘crazy so-called’, illustrates that he was doubtful and alleged that these statesmen of Europe were not even qualified enough for their positions. Moreover, he also labeled the new states they formed as â€Å"so called states†; Hitler didn’t even identify them as real states. So-called is type of slogan used to falsely think of something. Europe thought it had skilled and entitled statesmen whom formed new states, but to Hitler; they were anything but eligible statesmen whom formed anything but upright states. Hitler, later in his speech, mentioned a person named Mr. Benes; he introduced him as â€Å"This Mr. Benes†. For Adolph Hitler to use such expressions, that proved that he pitted him, and didn’t consider him as respectful human. Hitler knew all his lies. While giving his speech he was sending a message showing that he wasn’t fooled nor tricked. Part of the speech that grabbed my attention personally was â€Å"Now the shameless part†¦.. t their own brothers† because of 2 reasons. He described the policies that were implemented by the government as terrible policies, but he didn’t mention any specific word stating that, instead by saying â€Å"policy which†¦. shoot at their own brothers† it perfectly showed exactly what kind of policies they were, policies so dreadful to fact it will turn them against each other and start a civil war. Hitler compared himself with Mr. Benes mentioning himself as decent solider, but Benes; as a sneaky man, who did not play by rules. He proclaims that he will stand against him and declare war if he has too, and he will stand by his people and protect them by saying he is their soldier. Hitler demonstrated himself as a patient man, he dealt with Benes in a sophisticated way. Hitler was so determined in gaining Germany their freedom, one way or another. Hitler was threating Mr. Benes. He showed it by giving him an offer, if he didn’t accept it, Hitler would start a war. This indorsed his strength and power, he never took no for answer. If Hitler wants something he fights for it. What made Hitler make such threats is because Mr. Benes made him wait for so long, and it exceeded his patience. Another thing I liked personally in Adolph Hitler’s speech is when he talks about himself and his public, he makes it sound as if they are all equal, and they stand side by side, all of them together. He didn’t make them feel he was a leader and that they had to follow and obey him. Hitler ended his speech with convincing his public, all the German people both men and women to fight with him, stand with him by his side against Mr.  Benes. He motivated the public and encouraged them; moreover he was building confidence in them when saying they are stronger than before. Hitler also gave them an example of himself when he was an ordinary soldier, commenting that he didn’t have doubts of succeeding, and having faith in victory. I think we was trying to point out to the public that, even though you are just a normal individual (just like himself back then), it won’t prevent you from conquering your enemy. To come to a conclusion, from my point of view, I see this speech as a motivational speech to the public to fight against whoever isn’t fair with them. It was also a kind of threat to Mr. Benes, threating him to make his decision faster or else, Hitler will start a war against him. Hitler dealt with his issue patiently, even though his patience came to an end, he didn’t attack his enemy aggressively; He simply warned him. Generally speaking, Hitler was a worldly wise man, a supreme leader, and role model to many.

Psychological Aspects of Cybersecurity

Psychological Aspects of Cybersecurity Human Factors, Threats, Culture and Liability: Psychological Aspects of Cybersecurity Introduction In today’s society, cyber intrusion and attacks is becoming more prevalent. No one really knows the motivation behind such attacks. In some cases, it may be psychological and in others it could be a way to attain an adrenaline rush by invading a high-level security system. While cyber attacks has increased, our nation is putting execution actions in place to safeguard our critical infrastructure. With all of that being said, Congress has a responsibility to the people/nation to protect and secure their freedom. Cyber attacks are malicious acts that target information systems, infrastructures, and computer networks. Normally, the sources of the attack are unknown and the reasons of the attack are unclear. In many cases, the attacks are labeled as cyber warfare or cyber terrorism. In the same fashion, the people who commit these crimes are described as communist, cyber terrorist, and black hat etc. However, when Congress is the focus of the attack normally the target of attack is our infrastructure. Descriptive Labels Applied to Cybercrime The descriptive label that would be applied to cybercrime is data security breach or cyber terrorism. Further explanation of â€Å"Data Security Breach Notification Act 2012, mandates that companies have reasonable security measures to protect personal information and establish a uniform breach notification law (S. 3333 (112th): Data Security and Breach Notification Act of 2012, 2012).† Cyber terrorism is when a computer is used as the weapon for attack. In some cases you will find that cyber terrorism is the way to seek revenge or used as a method to intimidate or coerce one. An example of a cyber-terrorism perhaps could be hacking into aircrafts system and changing the coordinates of the flight. In 1996, President Bill Clinton created a Commission of Critical Infrastructure Protection. Congress new that the nation was at risk of cyber attacks. Therefore, to heighten awareness and maintain economic stability the board felt it was necessary to protect critical infrastructure. This was a mixture of electricity, computer networks, communication etc.; because all of these elements were vulnerable of cyber-warfare. With this in mind, the government was also thinking of protecting the public and private industries from such attacks. They were completely oblivious of the dangers how much or daily lives rely on computers. Notwithstanding the dangers and vulnerabilities they subjects themselves to when using the computer. Another issue is finding out who are the perpetrators and how the attack were initiated. The board felt it would be most helpful if they adequately protected critical system from intrusion. That meant ensuring the proper firewalls were enabled and the system was bein g monitored (http://csciwww.etsu.edu/gotterbarn/stdntppr/). Threat Factors In reality, if the United States Infrastructure comes under attack the enemy could cripple our defenses depending on how sophisticated the attacker is. The possible intent behind attacking our infrastructure, would be to target our water supply, transportation, telecommunication, energy, and last but not least finance. Our way of living depends on critical infrastructure; if we were to lose these vital roles we would be vulnerable to the enemy. These operations are important and we have become dependent on these networks. The lost of electricity, telecommunications, transportation, energy, and water would render us helpless. Such an attack would disrupt our day-to-day life and cause mass panic and fear. Therefore, in order to prevent such an act from occurring, Congress has created a new executive branch to merge 22 government agencies that were already in existence. The goal was to secure the nation and preserve freedom. In addition, have the ability to fence off attacks and be prep ared for unexpected disasters. To accomplish this task, the Department of Homeland Security had to unify the department in order to strengthen the components. Policy tells us that through partnership with other departments and operators of critical infrastructure would improve cyber security sharing information, which is ideal for the nation. Water Supply Attacking the water supply would be the most critical attack on the infrastructure. The water supply is controlled by computer systems, which is why it poses the most security risk. If the enemy was able to bypass the security features, they could release large amounts of water in any particular area. Destruction of large dams could unleash large amounts of water resulting in catastrophic flooding, loss of life and damage to property. Another vulnerability would be the sewer system. The sewage system protects public health and the environment; while providing a series of treatment that clean the water supply. Raw sewage has harmful bacteria and viruses that could be life threatening to human or animas if exposed to it. â€Å"Bioterrorism or chemical attacks could deliver widespread contamination with small amounts of microbiological agents or toxic chemicals could endanger public health (Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector, 2006 ).† (http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/68790.pdf).† Energy The second most important infrastructure that could be attacked is energy. Energy is described in two separate classifications one being electricity and the other being natural gas. Electricity is used in everywhere i.e. houses, cities and regions. It is needed for day-to-day living such usage of machines and life saving mechanisms. For example, cyber terrorist has the ability to gain access to daily power report data. The report shows the flow of electricity in different regions. As a result, a cyber terrorist would have the ability to know what the busiest sections of the grid were. It is important to realize with this information they could shut down the power gird at the busiest time of the day and cause hysteria, backflow, and confusion. Without power the United States, defenses are down. â€Å"There have been incidents or credible intelligence to indicate that a potentially well organized, disruptive cyber attack is imminent against the electrical utility industry in general or BPA specifically, or Terrorist activity, either physical or cyber, has been perpetrated against civilian or government sites within the boundaries of the United States†¦ (Threat Conditions, n.d.).† http://info.bpa.gov/Emergency/ThreatConditions.aspx Not only is electricity important to infrastructure but natural gas is too. Cyber terrorist can halt the use or redirect gas flows. Keeping the energy a float is important for maintaining the safety and economic success in the United States. The White House Initiative has an Executive order, which is led by the Department of Energy and the Department of Homeland Security. Their job is to ensure electric companies and grid operators have working knowledge of cyber security potentials and prioritize their actions and investments to improve cyber security. In addition their â€Å"industry stakeholders in the energy sector, are also contributing to the development of the Cyber security Framework, which was announced as part of Executive Order 13636 on â€Å"Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity. (http://energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-new-investments-over-30-million-better-protect-nation-s).† Transportation A disturbance in the transportation system would cause a chain of economic disruption. By interfering with transportation it hinder citizens and would progressively degrade the economy over time span. It would impede on scheduling as well as accessibility. In like manner, these methods would have a negative impact on cargo being transported from place to place. Moreover, cyber terrorist can target railroad operations by taking controls of the switches, additional they could take over flight software to divert aircraft. Sapphire or Slammer worm spread quickly through the Internet attacking millions of computers and overwhelming them with data due to a flaw in a Microsoft program. (CONSUMER PRIVACY DEVELOPMENTS, n.d.).† Transportation is important to critical infrastructure. In order to maintain a since of balance, proactive measures must be in place to strengthen and secure critical infrastructure. It is important to have the necessary assets including but not limited to networks and public confidence. Needless to say, the infrastructure must be secure in order to withstand and promptly recoup from an attack. Finance Telecommunication Company Liabilities Reducing vulnerabilities through effective internal cybersecurity policy controls Conclusion The threat of cyber crime has risen in the United States. Congress is having more debates on the nations ‘s cyber security, terrorism, and breaches within our national systems. It was said by the â€Å"******* that we were in trouble because cyber attacks have resulted in the greatest transfer of wealth in history. (*****).† Although, Legislation have been proposed to govern the laws the bills have not been enacted. This is mainly due to the fact; the government and private industries have issues with the federal data security bills. Currently, the United States has a cyber security Executive Order in place. The purpose for this order, is to protect their United States from cyber contusion and the attacks against the nations critical infrastructure. A threat to the infrastructure is major to national security. Our nation relies on the infrastructure to keep the mainframe secure and efficient against intrusion. As stated earlier, cyber attacks are becoming more vigilant therefore, the government had to make changes to the executive branch. In 2002, a new executive department was put into place called the Homeland Security Act. Homeland Security Act 2002, was created to â€Å" prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States. (Homeland Security Act of 2002) References Anonymous. (2011). Data breach and electronic crime: the Sonys case. Retrieved from gcsec.org: http://www.gcsec.org/blog/data-breach-and-electronic-crime-sonys-case Anonymous. (2013). Managing CyberSecurity Risk. Retrieved from Protiviti: http://www.protiviti.com/en-US/Documents/Newsletters/Board-Perspectives/Board-Perspectives-Risk-Oversight-Issue44-Managing-Cybersecurity-Risk-Protiviti.pdf Anonymous. (n.d). About Sony Electronics Life at Sony. Retrieved from http://discover.store.sony.com/: http://discover.store.sony.com/sonyjobs/pages/about/life.html Anonymous. (n.d). Corporate Mission. Retrieved from neimanmarcus: http://www.neimanmarcuscareers.com/story/mission.shtml Anonymous. (n.d). Mission Values. Retrieved from About Target: https://corporate.target.com/about/mission-values Anonymous. (n.d). Throught the Years. Retrieved from Target.com : https://corporate.target.com/about/history Aspan, M. (2011). Citi says 360,000 accounts hacked in May cyber attack. Retrieved November 23, 2011, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/16/us-citigroup-hacking-idUSTRE75F17620110616 Bavisi, S. (2009). Penetration Testing. In Vacca, J. R. (Ed.), Computer and information security handbook. Boston, MA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Bodhani, A. (2013). Bad†¦In a Good Way. Engineering Technology, 7(12), p64-68. Campbell, Q., Kennedy, D.M. (2009). The psychology of computer criminals. In Bosworth, et al., (Eds.), Computer security handbook. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Chen, C.; Shaw, R.; Yang, S. (2006). Mitigating information security risks by increasing user security awareness: A case study of an information security awareness system. Information Technology, Learning Performance Journal, 24(1), p1-14. Chen, T.; Walsh, P. (2009). Guarding Against Network Intrusions. In Vacca, J. R. (Ed.), Computer and information security handbook. Boston, MA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. DATALOSSdb Open Security Foundation (2014). Data Loss Statistics. Retrieved from http://datalossdb.org/statistics Dittrich, D., Himma, K.E. (2006). Hackers, crackers and computer criminals. In H. Bidgoli (Ed.), Handbook of information security (Vol 2). New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Elgin, B., Lawrence, D., Riley , M. (2014, February 21). Neiman Marcus Hackers Set Off 60,000 Alerts While Bagging Credit Card Data. Retrieved from businessweek.com: http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-21/neiman-marcus-hackers-set-off-60-000-alerts-while-bagging-credit-card-data Ethical Issues. (2013). Retrieved from http://cps182cyber-crime.wordpress.com/ethical-issues/ Finklea, K.M., Theohary, C.A. (2012). Cyber-crime: Conceptual issues for congress and U.S. law enforcement. Journal of Current Issues in Crime, Law and Law Enforcement. 5 (1/2), 1-27. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=79df209d-d6a2-4fd7-9761-f40b899a23e1%40sessionmgr4002hid=4209bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=i3hAN=88850916 Frizell, S. (2014, January 29). Holder: Feds Investigating Target Breach. Retrieved from Time.com: http://business.time.com/2014/01/29/feds-investigation-target-security/ Germano, S. (2013, December 27). Target’s Data-Breach Timeline. Retrieved from Wall Street Journal: http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2013/12/27/targets-data-breach-timeline/ Goldman, G. (2011). Mass e-mail breach: Just how bad is it? Retrieved November 23, 2011, from http://money.cnn.com/2011/04/06/technology/epsilon_breach/index.htm Harris, E. A., Perlroth, N., Popper, N. (2014, January 23). Neiman Marcus Data Breach Worse Than First Said. Retrieved from New YOrk Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/business/neiman-marcus-breach-affected-1-1-million-cards.html Hassan, A.B., Lass, F.D., Makinde, J. (2012). Cyber-crime in Nigeria: Causes, effects and the way out. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology. 2(7), 626-631. Retrieved from http://www.ejournalofscience.org/archive/vol2no7/vol2no7_11.pdf Heavey, S., Finkle, J. (2014, March 13). Target says it declined to act on early alert of cyber breach. Retrieved from Reuters. Com: http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/13/us-target-breach-idUSBREA2C14F20140313 ITU. (2012). Understanding cyber-crime: Phenomena, challenges and legal response. Retrieved from www.itu.int/ITU-D//cybersecurity//Cyber-crime%20legislation%20EV6. pdf Kaiser, D. (2007). Insurance options vary as much as cyber attacks. Business Insurance, 41(21), 24. Katz, K. (2014, February 21). Security info. Retrieved from www.neimanmarcus.com: http://www.neimanmarcus.com/NM/Security-Info/cat49570732/c.cat?icid=topPromo_hmpg_ticker_SecurityInfo_0114 Krebs, B. (2014, 02 14). Target Hackers Broke in Via HVAC Company. Retrieved from krebsonsecurity.com: http://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/02/target-hackers-broke-in-via-hvac-company/ Lewis, J. (2013). Raising the Bar for Cybersecurity. Center for Strategic International Studies. Retrieved from http://csis.org/files/publication/130212_Lewis_RaisingBarCybersecurity.pdf Mansoor, B. (2009). Intranet Security. In Vacca, J. R. (Ed.), Computer and information security handbook. Boston, MA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. McAfee (2014). McAfee Labs Threats Report: Fourth Quarter 2013. McAfee Labs. Retrieved from http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-quarterly-threat-q4-2013.pdf Metz, C. (2005). identity theft is out of control. (cover story). PC Magazine, 24(14), 87 Sales, N. (2013). REGULATING CYBER-SECURITY. Northwestern University Law Review, 107(4), 1503-1568. Shackleford, D. (2013). New Pathways to Network Security. Information Security, 15(6), p10-15. Sherr, I., Wingfield, N. (2012, May 7). Play by Play: Sonys Struggles on Breach. Retrieved from Wall Street Journal : http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704810504576307322759299038 Warner, J. (2011). Understanding cyber-crime in Ghana: A view from below. International Journal of Cyber Criminology. 5(1), 736-749. Retrieved from http://www.cyber-crimejournal.com/warner2011ijcc.pdf Waugh, D. (2001). Computer crime and ethics. Retrieved from http://homepage.ntlworld.com/woofy/ethics/ethics.pdf Williams, M. (2011, May 01). PlayStation Network Hack Timeline. Retrieved from pcworld.com: http://www.pcworld.com/article/226802/playstation_network_hack_timeline.html Wolf, J., Maclean, W. (2011). IMF cyber attack aimed to steal insider information: Expert. 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Verbal Reaction Times Experiment Essay -- Stroop 1935 experiment

This report aimed to replicate Stroop's (1935) experiment. Using the repeated measures design and a sample of 20 students, differences in verbal reaction times on two tests were observed. The one-tailed hypothesis predicted that it would take longer to say words in the Cc, this is the conflicting condition where the colour of the word differs from the colour that the word describes. It was found that, using the t-test for related data, this hypothesis could be accepted as the obtained value was much greater then the critical value. It can therefore be concluded that visual interference does affect people's verbal reactions. Introduction In 1935 John Ridley Stroop published his Ph.D. thesis entitled 'Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions' - the findings of which became known as 'the Stroop Effect'. Stroop mentioned many studies in his work but the two that are most relevant for this report are Brown (1915) and Telford (1930), they conducted very similar investigations into colour associations and colour recognition patterns respectively. This area of research is known as controlled and automatic processing, it involves studies into how humans cope with divided attention such as multi-tasking. This could be anything from the simple dishwashing and listening to music simultaneously, to complex shadowing of continuous prose presented in one ear, whilst also typing up a separate prose presented to the other ear via headphones (Shaffer 1975). With their two-process theory, Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) make useful distinctions between controlled and automatic processing. They are as follows: controlled processing... ...1930) 'Differences in responses to colours and their names.' J. Genet. Psychol. An Experiment on the Stroop effect and hearing, http://www.ul.ie/~cscw/mikael/stroop.html British Psychological Society Code of Conduct for Psychologists, http://trapdoor.glos.ac.uk/ess/soss/ethics/appendix4.htm Cognitive Psychology, Wadsworth CogLab online laboratory, http://coglab.wadsworth.com/experiments/Stroop/ Neuropsychological Model of the Stroop Effect, http://www.uwm.edu/~neuropsy/Strpmast.html Neuroscience for Kids - The Stroop Effect, http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/words.html Parametric Assumptions, http://www.sgcorp.com/normality_tests.htm The Stroop Effect - Attention and Memory, http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~bgbauer/chapters/stroop.html The t-test, http://trochim.human.edu/kb/stat_t.htm

Head & Shoulder Marketing Essay

Benefits that consumers get when using Head & Shoulders Anti Dandruff (H&S) shampoo include eliminating dandruff, leaving consumer with 100% flake free hair, nourished and healthy scalp and also oiliness control over their hair. Apart from that, consumers using H&S shampoo can solve any scalp itchiness associated with dandruff. Besides that, the menthol content in the shampoo gives consumer a cooling effect and refreshing after washing their hair (The Benefits of H&S 2011). The H&S Anti dandruff shampoo bottle is a white rectangular shaped bottle with a royal blue upper part where the cover is, having a few different colored strips on it depending on the variant of the product. Using attractive white and royal blue as its base packaging and also freshness essence helps create a positive impression for consumers. The labeling of this product can be found at the back of the bottle. It includes some information for the consumer such as a direction on how to use the shampoo to achieve the best result and also a caution part where consumers are reminded of their safety when using the shampoo. Furthermore, the labeling includes additional information and reminder to consumers that this product helps fight five signs of dandruff which are flakes, itchiness, dryness, oiliness and irritation. Lastly, a list of ingredients used for the shampoo can be found in the labeling and also information of H&S’s manufacture- Procter and Gamble. H&S shampoo has a unique feature that is it is rich in Pyrithione Zinc (PTZ), the only active ingredient, which is highly effective at fighting and also preventing dandruff symptoms because of its anti-fungal properties. With PTZ, H&S created HydraZinc complex which is found in all H&S products. This formula allows consumers to control and also act on dandruff quickly (Our formula, 2011). Other than that, the ActiZinc formula which adds natural cool menthol to H&S’s menthol shampoo gives consumer a cooling and refreshed effect after washing their hair as mentioned earlier (Refreshing 2011). Due to H&S shampoo is a convenience product, there are no extra services consumer get from this product but online members of Procter & Gamble are able to enjoy free samples of H&S Anti Dandruff shampoo and also free expert tips and advice of everyday life (Coupons, Samples and Savings, 2011). As for product classification, H&S Anti Dandruff shampoo is a consumer product and normally bought by consumers  for personal use. Consumers, especially those with dandruff symptoms, are willing to spend some time in looking for the availability of this product because of its unique function in treating dandruff. In the anti dandruff shampoo market, H&S has a few competitors such as Clear anti dandruff shampoo and Sunsilk anti dandruff shampoo, which are considered as acceptable substitute products for consumers. Normally brand conscious and loyal customers would spend more time in seeking this product before they turn to other brands or even do not buy at all compared to normal consumers. H&S anti dandruff shampoo comes with 11 varieties in the market based on consumer needs. The product is also divided into regular or menthol content. Each product has 3 SKUs (Stock-Keeping Unit) consisting 80ml, 200ml and 380ml. The introduction of PTZ formula into the product has differentiated H&S Anti Dandruff from other anti dandruff shampoos. 1.2 Current Pricing In Malaysia, anti-dandruff shampoo’s market is slightly saturated with a number of sellers of different brands; therefore H&S shampoo is in a monopolistic competition market. This is the case because there are different brands offering products with the same function and almost similar price as H&S. Examples of the competitors are Sunsilk Anti Dandruff shampoo, Pantene Anti Dandruff 2 in 1 shampoo, Clear Anti Dandruff Scalp Oil Control shampoo and also Dove Anti Dandruff shampoo (Shampoo Catalogue 2011). A change in price of this product would definitely change consumers’ demand but preference is also a factor in this case. An increase in price will lead to a slight decrease in the quantity demanded although there are available substitute products with the same function but some consumers will still prefer H&S. An example on how the product’s price can affect its volume is shown when Procter & Gamble with the intention of increasing sales volume of H&S in India cuts down the products prices (Sharma Shailaja 2011). The current price of the product is slightly higher than all its competitors in the market, close to around Ringgit Malaysia (RM) 1.00. Consumers of H&S Anti Dandruff shampoo normally based their purchase decision on the quality and feature of this product. It is clear that this product costs higher than its competitors, the reason why consumers choose this product because of its effectiveness in treating dandruff issues and most victims of dandruff symptoms find this product a solution to their problems. Besides that, the  company has successfully linked H&S shampoo’s to anti dandruff through its advertisement. This creates a brand image among consumers that when it comes to dandruff they would refer it to H&S shampoo. This established brand image also plays a part in influencing consumers’ purchasing decision. Business’s costs are not very important when pricing this product because Procter and Gamble (P&G), a multinational company has 12 different hair care brands under it and also other products (Hair Care Brands 2011), because of P&G’s products diversification, the pricing of H&S is not based on the business’s costs. H&S is using price-quality inference strategy therefore it has a higher price compared to other brands. 1.3 Current Distribution This product is available for consumers in many locations around Malaysia. In Miri, there are a few locations and shops where this product can be found. At Bintang Plaza, convenience stores such as Guardian and Watsons are selling the product and also hypermarkets such as Giant Hypermarket and Survey Hypermarket. Supermarkets selling H&S Anti Dandruff shampoo are the GK supermarket at Curtin University and also the Pick & Save Mart found at the shop lots in Senadin area, Miri (Supermarkets Directory 2011). In Malaysia, Procter & Gamble (M) Sdn. Bhd. is the wholesaler of H&S shampoo and the products are imported by the company before distributing to retailers around the country. All the products are imported from Procter & Gamble (Thailand) Ltd. which is the manufacturer for H&S shampoos of Malaysia and the Philippines (Manufacturers 2011). However, consumers who wish to buy directly from the wholesaler could do so but normally very few would go by this mean because of the availability of the products in most stores and online purchasing services. The factor that influences the wide distribution of this product includes the price of the product which is low and affordable for most consumers and also a convenience product. Apart from that, another characteristic is that the product comes in three bottle sizes ranging from 80ml, 200ml and 380ml. The small product size requires only a little space for display in most stores, which contributes to why it is widely distributed. 1.4 Current Promotion One of the promotional message for H&S shampoo is â€Å"All-day itch relief. Guaranteed.†. This message is promoted at the product’s official website (Head & Shoulders 2011). The message is to assure and guarantee consumers that the product will solve any itchiness or similar kind of issues on their hair. The other promotional message of the brand is â€Å"100% flake-free† that is found in a commercial advertisement on TV. This message is showed at the last part of the advertisement together with H&S anti dandruff shampoo bottles. The message H&S is trying to bring out is the effectiveness and confidence it has in removing dandruff or flakes on people’s hair. The promotion of this product through advertisement and also internet has the intention of establishing the brand in the market so that consumers realize the existence of such product that comes with special functions. It is obvious that H&S are using some promotional tools in promoting its product such as advertising through TV, advertising online and also discounts. The purpose of promotion is that the company wants to send a message to consumers that H&S anti dandruff shampoo is a solution for dandruff symptoms patients and people who are fed up with hair itchiness. By doing this, not only the company can establish the brand in the market but also increase sales volume as promotion can be a big tool in ensuring success. The theme of the current promotions is emphasizing on the effectiveness of H&S anti dandruff in removing dandruffs and solving itchiness on the hair. In all the promotional tools that the company uses, the company has been consistent in shaping messages that reflect the theme of the promotions. Another example of the company’s promotional tool is a slogan â€Å"I Never Knew You Had Dandruff† (List of Advertising Slogans 2011). 2.0 Segmentation Theory 2.1 Define and Explain Segmentation Market segmentation is a strategy that involves dividing a larger market into subsets of consumers with common needs. This can be done through the process of splitting potential customers into different groups, within which customers share similar interests for the goods or services offered in the market (Market Segmentation 2011). Market segmentation strategies can be developed over a wide range of characteristics found among consumers, for example one group may be identified by gender while the other group composes of consumers within a given age group (Malcolm Tatum 2011). Market  segmentation has allowed H&S to benefit from the anti dandruff market in a few ways. The first benefit gained is H&S was able to better understand consumers’ needs in the market (Rupal Jain 2011). This is shown when H&S differentiate its product and came out with H&S anti dandruff shampoo, obviously wanting to help consumers that have a need in solving dandruff issues after the company found out the problem through market segmentation. The next benefit to the brand from using segmentation strategy is H&S through understanding and focusing on the needs of customers, was able to get ahead of its competitors, in this case anti dandruff. H&S anti dandruff shampoo succeeded in being the market leader by becoming the world’s No.1 brand in anti dandruff shampoo market (About Head and shoulders 2011). The third benefit from segmentation that the brand enjoyed is consumers now buy their product because they are able to focus their marketing on consumers who are most likely to buy H&S anti dandruff shampoo. On emphasizing on the ability of the product to remove dandruff, refreshing and also prevent itchiness, H&S was able to focus particularly on a group of consumers in the market which leads to a possible higher profit from the sales to these consumers who share the same interest. In 2007, the introduction of PTZ as an active ingredient to the shampoo, which is highly effective in fighting dandruff because of its anti-fungal properties is an effort of H&S to further focus on marketing this product to its segmented market. The three benefits mentioned reflects that market segmentation is used as a strategy by H&S which has successfully benefited the brand so far. 3.0 Target Market Identification 3.1 Geographic Segmentation H&S can practice geographic segmentation for its product in Malaysia. The company should extend its product marketing into the state of Johor, the southern state of West Malaysia. The capital city of Johor is Johor Bahru and this would be the focused city for H&S, with a city size of 1.37million. A density of 7,409 per km2 makes Johor Bahru the second largest urban area in Malaysia (Introduction to Johor Bahru, 2011). The main reason H&S should target the above city mentioned is because in urban areas, consumers have higher purchasing power and are more health conscious compared to consumers from rural areas. The state of Johor has an average temperate ranging from  73 °F to 89 °F each year and has high humidity (Monthly averages for Johor Bahru, 2011). The hot and humid weather are causes for dandruff or itchiness for most people. With a high density city, hot and humid weather, Johor Bahru is a potential market to be targeted by H&S that provides refreshing and healthy hair for its users. 3.2 Demographic Segmentation Demographic factors are popular bases for segmentation analysis. Based on other markets of H&S, the target market should be focused on Generation-Y, the age group of 18-30 years old male Malaysian consumers, with middle or high income level. This target group is a group that is brand conscious and care about the health of their hair. They are willing to spend more on a product as long as the product benefits them or provides a solution to their problem. The H&S anti dandruff shampoo will be a good product to this targeted group. Not only the product has many benefits to the user, considered expensive among its competitors and fights dandruff or itchiness effectively, H&S anti dandruff shampoo gives users a healthy hair, which is suitable for those with active social life. Besides, the fact that H&S is the No.1 anti dandruff brand in the world makes it attractive to the targeted group which is brand conscious. In terms of occupation and education level in an urban area, those which will be targeted are most likely professionals, managers, officers, high school graduates, businessmen and also college students. In short, the young adults are going to be the primary target of H&S. Reference List About Head and Shoulders. 2011. Head and Shoulders. Accessed 5 April,http://www.headandshoulders.com/en-US/about-us.jspx. Benefits of Head and Shoulders. 2011. Head and Shoulder. Accessed April 4,http://www.headandshoulders.com/en-US/sevenBenefits.jspx. Coupons, Samples and Savings. 2011. Procter and Gamble Brand Sampler. Accessed 4April,https://www.pgeverydaysolutions.com/pgeds/headshoulderbrandsampler.jsp. Hair Care Brands. 2011. P&G. Accessed 5 April,http://www.pg.com/en_US/brands/beauty_grooming/index.shtml. Head and Shoulders. 2011. Accessed 5 April, http://www.headandshoulders.com/en-US/index.jspx. Introduction to Johor Bahru. 2011. Popular Places. Accessed 5 April,http://www.marimari.com/content/malaysia/popular_places/cities/johor_bahru/johor_bahru.html. Jain, Rupal. 2011. Market segmentation. 123oye. Accessed 5 April,http://www.123oye.com/. List of Advertising Slogans. 2011. Sharing The Secrets of Internet Marketing Success. 5April,http://www.nowsell.com/marketing-guide/list -of-advertising-slogans.html#Personal-Care. Manufacturers. 2011. Procter & Gamble (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.. Accessed 5 April,http://www.tradenex.com/sites/proctergamble/. Market Segmentation. 2011. The Market Segmentation Company. Accessed 5 Aprilhttp://www.marketsegmentation.co.uk/segmentation_tmsc.htm. Monthly Averages for Johor Bahru. 2011. The weather channel. Accessed 5 April,http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/MYXX0004. Murugiah, Surin. 2008. â€Å"Average household income in Malaysia.† The Edge